Discovery of a wall of galaxies extending across the universe.

 Our universe is not restricted to scattered clusters of galaxies spread out in the expanding space at random. If we look closely, we will discover that these galaxies follow in their grouping minute structures and systems, and numbers of them cluster in huge clusters and groups that influence each other gravitally.

One of these arc-shaped galaxy structures was recently discovered at the southern edge of the sky and is very massive and stretches 1.37 billion light-years from beginning to end. Its discoverers called it the "Antarctic Wall."

Despite the enormity of the size of the Antarctic wall - one of the largest structures of space observed so far - we know its exact components. It consists of a row of galaxies that come together in a huge variety to form a separating boundary between the empty spaces in the cosmic space that collectively form the so-called "cosmic network." That is why it was called the wall.

Scientists have also spotted walls similar to and larger than the Antarctic Wall. The largest of these walls is called the "Great Hercules-Corona Polar Wall", which extends over a distance of 9.7 billion light-years, but what distinguishes the South Pole wall is its close proximity to the Milky Way, which lies 500 million light-years away from it. In other words, this wall is the largest and closest structure we have ever observed.

The discovery of a wall of galaxies expanding across the universe - scattered groups of galaxies spread in the expanding space - massive clusters and groups of galaxies

Someone may ask: How did we not notice one of the largest ranks of galaxies in the universe while it was so close to us? There is a very logical answer to this question: it was hidden behind what astronomers sometimes call a "galaxy occultation" in the same plane as the Milky Way.

The galactic obscuration zone is the disk in which our Milky Way is located. This disk is thick and bright, consisting of dust, gases, and stars. Its intense brightness and thickness obscure much of what lies behind it, which makes it difficult to explore the regions of the universe that lie behind it, unlike other regions.

How, then, were astronomers able to observe the Antarctic wall as long as it was completely hidden behind the galactic occultation?

The answer to this question is a little complicated, but it can be simplified by saying that it has to do with the way galaxies rotate in the sky.

A team of researchers led by cosmologist Daniel Pomared from the University of Paris-Sacley used a database called Cosmic Flux 3 that contains distance calculations for about 18,000 galaxies using the redshift phenomenon that measures the speed at which an object moves away based on the degree to which its light waves expand.

 

Last year, another team of researchers used this database to calculate another variable called "strange velocity", which is the speed of the galaxy relative to its motion caused by the expansion of the universe.

Using these two variables, the research team was able to calculate the movement of galaxies relative to each other, and these movements revealed the existence of a gravitational effect of a much larger mass, and by referring to the algorithms the team was able to use these movements to draw a three-dimensional map of the distribution of matter in the Antarctic wall despite its presence behind the obscuring area.

The densest section is located above the South Pole, about 500 million light-years away. It then bends north toward us at a distance of 300 million light-years from the Milky Way.

The galaxies are moving along the curved arm towards the clump of the Antarctic wall, and from there they are moving towards another gigantic structure, the Shapley Cluster of Stars, 650 million light-years away.

The size of this wall could be larger than we think at the present time because there are parts of it that we cannot see. But we are sure astronomers are eager to know everything about him; This wall may have important cosmic effects, such as affecting the expansion rate of the local universe. Scientists do not know precisely whether this will have an effect on the "Hubble tension" or not. The Hubble tension represents the difference between the expansion rate in the local universe and the rate of expansion in the early universe.

This discovery may help us understand the evolution of the local region of the universe that includes the Lanyakia Cluster, the enormous cluster of galaxies that includes our Milky Way, which was discovered by Bomared with his colleagues «led by Brent Taley of the University of Hawaii in Manoa» in 2014.

This discovery is great and important and we expect it to lead to more discoveries.